Vaccine-Preventable Livestock Diseases and the Antimicrobial Resistance Burden in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Towards a One Health Modelling Framework
Md. Rimon Bhuiyan
*
Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh and Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
Syeda Shamapika Ahmed Shimi
Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh and Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
Jannatoul Ferdous
Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh and Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
Sumit Sharma
Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh and Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
Md. Raufur Rahman Akanda
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Gazipur Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh.
Tasnia Anjum
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
Md. Abdul Mannan Bhuiyan
Faculty of Social Sciences, Tejgaon College, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh.
Mst. Roksana Akter
Faculty of Social Sciences, Government Bangla College, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes one of the most formidable public health threats of the 21st century, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bearing a disproportionate burden. Livestock systems in these settings are both major consumers of antimicrobials and critical reservoirs for resistant pathogens, yet the quantitative contribution of vaccine-preventable livestock diseases to AMR burden remains poorly characterised within a One Health framework.
Objectives: This review synthesises available evidence on the burden of AMR attributable to vaccine-preventable livestock diseases in LMICs, evaluates existing modelling methodologies and their limitations, identifies critical data gaps, and proposes an integrated One Health modelling framework to guide future research and policy.
Methods: A narrative synthesis was conducted using evidence from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature (WHO, FAO, WOAH, GRAM) published from 2015 to 2026. Studies examining AMR burden quantification, veterinary antimicrobial use (AMU), livestock vaccination, and One Health modelling approaches were included, with priority given to LMIC-focused evidence.
Results: Global AMU in food-producing animals was estimated at approximately 99,502 tonnes in 2020 and is projected to rise by 8% by 2030, with Asia and emerging economies disproportionately driving this trend. Vaccine-preventable diseases, including Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Newcastle Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, and Brucellosis, collectively drive substantial antibiotic prophylaxis in LMICs. However, only 10% of LMICs systematically track AMR in animals, and no validated cross-sectoral modelling framework currently quantifies the AMR burden averted by livestock vaccination programmes. Existing approaches utilising Disability-Adjusted Life Years, the Animal Health Loss Envelope, and compartmental transmission models reveal significant methodological gaps.
Conclusions: A robust, LMIC-adapted One Health modelling framework that integrates animal AMU data, zoonotic spillover pathways, vaccination coverage metrics, and human AMR outcomes is urgently needed. Addressing surveillance fragmentation, cold-chain barriers, and data harmonisation will be pivotal to realising the potential of livestock vaccination as a cost-effective AMR mitigation strategy.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, one health modelling, low- and middle-income countries, livestock vaccines, disease burden, antibiotic use